Which Art Movement Painted City Life and Working People With Concrete Realism and No Frills?

Asouth long equally we humans have been able to use our hands, we have been creating art. From early cavern paintings to the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, homo artistic expression can tell us a lot about the lives of the people who create it. To fully appreciate the cultural, social, and historical significance of different artworks, yous need to be aware of the wide art history timeline. This article presents an overview of many significant eras of fine art creation and the historical contexts out of which they have risen.

Tabular array of Contents

• ane Fine art Eras: Where to Begin?
• two A Brief Overview of the Fine art Periods Timeline
• iii A Comprehensive Fine art Movement Timeline
  • three.ane The Romanesque Period (1000-1300): Sharing Data Through Art
  • 3.2 The Gothic Era (1100-1500): Freedom and Fear Come Together
  • 3.3 The Renaissance Era (1420-1520): The Reawakening of an Fine art Era That Never Really Existed
  • three.iv Mannerism (1520-1600): A Window into the Future of Kitsch
  • iii.five The Bizarre Era (1590-1760): The Glorification of Power and the Deception of the Eye
  • 3.vi The Rococo Fine art Period (1725-1780): Light and Airy, a French Fancy
  • three.7 Classicism (1770-1840): Throwing It Back to Classic Times
  • 3.8 Romanticism (1790-1850): A Intermission from the Severity of information technology All
  • three.9 Realism (1850-1925): Objectivity over Subjectivity
  • 3.10 Impressionism (1850-1895): Heralding the Era of Modern Art
  • 3.eleven Symbolism (1890-1920): In that location is Always More than Than Meets the Eye
  • 3.12 Art Nouveau (1890-1910): The Pure Gold of Gustav Klimt
  • 3.13 Expressionism (1890-1914): Bringing a Political Edge to the Debate
  • 3.14 Cubism (1906-1914): Breaking Things Apart and Putting Them Back Together Over again
  • 3.15 Futurism (1909-1945): Artistic Anarchism
  • 3.16 Dadaism (1912-1920): The True Reality That Life is Nonsense
  • three.17 Surrealism (1920-1930): Things Merely Get More Bizzare
  • three.18 The New Objectivity (1925-1965): Cold and Technical
  • three.19 Abstract Expressionism (1948-1962): Stepping Away from Europe
  • three.20 Pop-Art (1955-1969): Fine art is Everything
  • three.21 Neo-Expressionism (1980-1989): Modern Art

Art Eras: Where to Begin?

As long every bit humankind has been conscious of itself, it has been creating art to represent this self. The earliest cavern paintings that we are aware of were created roughly 40,000 years ago. We have found paintings and drawings of human action from the Paleolithic Era under rocks and in caves. We cannot truly know the reason why these early humans began to produce fine art. Mayhap painting and drawing were a way to record their lived experiences, to tell stories to young children, or to pass down wisdom from i generation to the next.

These prehistoric rock paintings are in Manda Guéli Cavern in the Ennedi Mountains, Chad, Central Africa. Camels accept been painted over earlier images of cattle, mayhap reflecting climatic changes;David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada, CC BY ii.0, via Wikimedia Eatables

Although nosotros accept these exquisite examples of early artistic expression, the official history of art periods only begins with the Romanesque Era. Official art era timelines do not include cave paintings, sculptures, and other works of art from the rock historic period or the beautiful frescos produced in Arab republic of egypt and Crete in effectually 2000 BC. The reason behind this decision is that these early eras of creative expression were leap to a relatively small geographical space. The official art eras that nosotros volition be discussing today, in contrast, bridge across many countries, ofttimes all of Europe and sometimes Northward and Southward America.

Despite their lack of official recognition, these earliest examples of human creative flair heighten a lot of interesting questions. Why is it that the animals depicted in cave paintings are and then much more realistic and bright than the animals represented in afterward eras?

This article hopes to give you some insight into the always-changing artistic manner of the human artistic mind as we explore the complexities of the unlike art periods.

A Brief Overview of the Fine art Periods Timeline

Every bit with many areas of human history, information technology is impossible to delineate the different art periods with precision. The dates presented in the brackets beneath are approximations based on the progression of each movement across several countries. Many of the fine art periods overlap considerably, with some of the more recent eras occurring at the aforementioned fourth dimension. Some eras last for a few thousand years while others span less than ten. Fine art is a continuous process of exploration, where more recent periods grow out of existing ones.

Art Period	Years
Romanesque	100 – 1150
Gothic	1140 – 1600
Renaissance	1495 – 1527
Mannerism	1520 – 1600
Baroque	1600 – 1725
Rococo	1720 – 1760
Neoclassicism	1770 – 1840
Romanticism	1800 – 1850
Realism	1840 – 1870
Pre-Raphaelite	1848 – 1854
Impressionism	1870 – 1900
Naturalism	1880 – 1900
Post-Impressionism	1880 – 1920
Symbolism	1880 – 1910
Expressionism	1890 – 1939
Art Noveau	1895 – 1915
Cubism	1905 – 1939
Futurism	1909 – 1918
Dadaism	1912 – 1923
New Objectivity	1918 – 1933
Precisionism	1920 – 1950
Art Deco	1920 – 1935
Bauhaus	1920 – 1925
Surrealism	1924 – 1945
Abstruse Expressionism	1945 – 1960
Pop-Art / Op Art	1956 – 1969
Arte Povera	1960 – 1969
Minimalism	1960 – 1975
Photorealism	1968 – at present
Lowbrow Popular Surrealism	1970 – now
Contemporary Fine art	1978 – now

It may seem strange for our account of the art period timeline to cease 30 years ago. The concept of an fine art era seems inadequate to capture the multifariousness of creative styles that have grown since the turn of the 21st Century. In that location is a feeling among some fine art historians that the traditional concept of painting has died in our era of fast-track living. We do non have this stance. Instead, nosotros proceed to share our unique homo experiences through the medium of art, just as the cave people did, outside of our mod system of nomenclature.

Biergarten (c. 1915) past Max Liebermann;Max Liebermann, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

A Comprehensive Fine art Movement Timeline

It is time to swoop a little deeper into the social, cultural, and historical contexts of each of the singled-out art eras nosotros presented to a higher place. You will see how many eras take influence from those before them. Fine art, similar human consciousness, is continuously evolving. Information technology is likewise important to note that this art timeline is a history of Western and predominantly European fine art.

The Romanesque Period (1000-1300): Sharing Data Through Art

Art historians typically consider the Romanesque art era to be the offset of the art history timeline. Romanesque art developed during the rise of Christianity ca. 1000 AD. During this time, only a small percentage of the European population were literate. The ministers of the Christian church were typically part of this minority, and to spread the message of the bible, they needed an alternative method.

Christian objects, stories, deities, saints, and ceremonies were the exclusive subject of most Romanesque paintings. Intended to teach the masses most the values and behavior of the Christian Church, Romanesque paintings had to exist simple and easy to read.

As a consequence, Romanesque works of art are simple, with bold contours and clean areas of color. Romanesque paintings lack whatsoever depth of perspective, and the imagery is rarely of natural scenes. At that place were several different forms that Romanesque paintings could accept, including wall paintings, mosaics, panel paintings, and book paintings.

Due to the Christian purpose backside Romanesque paintings, they are nigh ever symbolic. The relative importance of the figures inside the paintings is shown past the size, with the more important figures appearing much larger. Y'all can run into that human faces are often distorted, and the stories depicted in these paintings tend to have a high emotional value. Romanesque paintings oftentimes include mythological creatures like dragons and angels, and almost always appear in churches.

At the nearly fundamental level, paintings of the Romanesque period serve the purpose of spreading the word of the bible and Christianity. The proper name of this art era stems from round arches used in Roman architecture, often establish in churches of the time.

Chantry frontal from Avià, c. 1200; Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

The Gothic Era (1100-1500): Liberty and Fright Come up Together

One of the most famous eras, Gothic fine art grew out of the Romanesque period in France and is an expression of 2 contrasting feelings of the age. On the one mitt, people were experiencing and celebrating a new level of freedom of thought and religious understanding. On the other, at that place was a fearfulness that the world was coming to an end. You lot can clearly see the expression of these two contrasting tensions within the art of the Gothic period.

Just as in the Romanesque period, Christianity lay at the middle of the tensions of the Gothic era. As more liberty of thought emerged, and many pushed against conformity, the subjects of paintings became more diverse. The stronghold of the church building began to dissipate.

Gothic paintings portrayed scenes of real human life, such equally working in the fields and hunting. The focus moved abroad from divine beings and mystical creatures as more focus was given to the intricacies of what it meant to be human.

Human figures received a lot more attention during the Gothic menstruum. Gothic artists fleshed out more than realistic human being faces as they became more private, less ii-dimensional, and less inanimate. The development of a three-dimensional perspective is thought to have facilitated this alter. Painters besides paid more attention to things of personal value like clothing, which they painted realistically with beautiful folds.

The Raising of Lazarus(1310-1311) by Duccio di Buoninsegna;Duccio di Buoninsegna, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

Many historians believe that function of the reason why the subjects of fine art became more diverse during the Gothic era was due to the increased expanse for painting within churches. Gothic churches were more expansive than those of the Romanesque period, which is thought to represent the increased feelings of freedom at this time.

Alongside the newfound freedom of artistic expression, there was a deep fear that the terminate of the world was coming. It is suggested that this was accompanied by a gradual decline in faith in the church, and this in turn may have spurred the expansion of art outside of the church. In fact, towards the terminate of the Gothic era, works by Hieronymus von Bosch, Breughel, and others were unsuitable for placement inside a church.

We practise not know many private artists who painted in the Romanesque menstruum, as art was not about who painted it but rather the message it carried. Thus, the move abroad from the church building can besides be seen in the enormous increase in known artists from the Gothic period, including Giotto di Bondone. Schools of art began to sally throughout France, Italy, Federal republic of germany, holland, and other parts of Europe.

The Renaissance Era (1420-1520): The Reawakening of an Art Era That Never Really Existed

The Renaissance era is possibly one of the most well-known, featuring artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. This era continued to focus on the private homo as its inspiration and took influence from the art and philosophy of the aboriginal Romans and Greeks. The Renaissance tin can be seen every bit a cultural rebirth.

A part of this cultural rebirth was the returned focus on the natural and realistic world in which humans lived. The three-dimensional perspective became fifty-fifty more important to the art of the Renaissance, every bit is aptly demonstrated past Michelangelo's statue ofDavid.This statue harkened dorsum to the works of the ancient Greeks equally information technology was consciously created to exist seen from all angles. Statues of the last ii eras had been two-dimensional, intended to exist viewed only from the front.

Michelangelo's David (1501-1504); Livioandronico2013, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The same three-dimensional perspective carried over into the paintings of the Renaissance era. Frescos that were invented around 3000 years prior were given new life by Renaissance painters. Scenes became more circuitous, and the representation of humans became much more nuanced. Renaissance artists painted human bodies and faces in 3 dimensions with a strong emphasis on realism. The paint used during the Renaissance menses also represented a shift from tempera paints to oil paints. The Renaissance period is often credited as the very beginning of great Dutch mural paintings.

Mannerism (1520-1600): A Window into the Future of Kitsch

Of course, this heading is partly in jest. Not all of the art produced in this era is what nosotros would sympathize today as "kitsch". What we understand kitsch to mean today is often bogus, cheaply made, and without much 'classic' taste. Instead, the reason we describe the fine art of this menses as existence kitsch is due to the relative over-exaggeration that characterized it. Stemming from the newfound freedom of man expression in the Renaissance period, artists began to explore their own unique and private artistic style, or fashion.

Michelangelo himself, in fact, is not costless from the exaggeration that distinguishes this era. Some fine art historians do not consider some of his later paintings to be works of the Renaissance flow. The expression of feelings and human gestures, even items of clothing, is exaggerated deliberately in mannerist paintings.

The small South-curve of the homo torso that characterizes the Renaissance style is transformed into an unnatural bending of the torso. This is the get-go European style that attracted artists from across Europe to its birthplace in Italy.

Madonna with Long Cervix (1534-1540) by Parmigianino;Parmigianino, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Baroque Era (1590-1760): The Glorification of Power and the Charade of the Center

The progression of art celebrating the lives of humans over the power of the divine continued into the Bizarre era. Kings, princes, and fifty-fifty popes began to prefer to come across their own power and prestige celebrated through art than that of God. The over-exaggeration that classified Mannerism too connected into the Bizarre period, with the scenes of paintings condign increasingly unrealistic and magnificent.

Baroque paintings often showed scenes where Kings would exist ascending into the heavens, mingling with the angels, and reaching ever closer to the divinity and ability of God. Here, we actually can run across the progression of human self-importance, and although the subject affair does not motility away entirely from religious symbolism, man is increasingly the central power within the compositions.

New materials that glorify wealth and condition like gilt and marble become the prized materials for sculptures. Opposites of lite and dark, warm and cold colors, and symbols of practiced and evil are emphasized across what is naturally occurring. Fine art academies increased in their numbers, as fine art became a manner to display your wealth, power, and status.

Baroque ceiling frescoes of Cathedral in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Piece of work of Italian principal Giulio Quaglio in 1703–1706 and later 1721–1723;Petar Milošević, CC Past-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Eatables

The Rococo Art Period (1725-1780): Low-cal and Airy, a French Fancy

The paintings from the Rococo era are typical of the French elite of the fourth dimension. The name stems from the French word rocaille which means "shellwork". The solid forms which characterized the Baroque menstruum softened into light, air, and desire. Paintings of this era were no longer strong and powerful, but light and playful.

The colors were lighter and brighter, nearly transparent in some instances. Many pieces of fine art from this period neglected religious themes, although some artists like Tiepolo did create frescos in many churches.

Much similar the attitude of the French aristocracy of the time, the art of the Rococo menses is totally removed from the social reality. The shepherd'due south idyll became the theme of this menstruation, representing life as light and carefree, without the constraints of economical or social hardship.

Classicism (1770-1840): Throwing It Back to Classic Times

Classicism, similar the Rococo era, began in France in effectually 1770. In dissimilarity to the Rococo era, however, Classism reverted to earlier, more serious styles of creative expression. Much like the Renaissance period, Classisim took inspiration from classic Roman and Greek art.

The fine art created in the Classicism era reverted to strict forms, two-dimensional colors, and homo figures. The tone of these paintings was undoubtedly strict. Colors lost their symbolism. The art produced in this era was used internationally to instill feelings of patriotism in the people of each nation. Parts of Classicism include Louis-Sieze, Empire, and Biedermeier.

A Childhood Idyll (1900) past William Bouguereau;William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

Romanticism (1790-1850): A Suspension from the Severity of it All

You tin see from the dates that this art era occurred at around the same time as Classicism. Romanticism is often seen as an emotionally charged reaction to the stern nature of Classicism. In contrast to the strict and realistic nature of the Classicism era, the paintings of the Romantic era were much more than sentimental.

The exploration of the intangible; emotions and the hidden, took eye-stage. Around this fourth dimension, people began to become hiking in an endeavor to explore the natural world. Information technology was not, still, the true reality of the natural globe which they intended to notice, but the mode it fabricated them feel.

There is no tangible or precisely determinable style to the art of the Romanticism period. English and French painters tended to focus on the effects of shadows and lights, while the art produced by German painters tended to have more gravity of thought to them. The Romantic painters were frequently criticized and even mocked for their estimation of the world around them.

Realism (1850-1925): Objectivity over Subjectivity

As the Romanticism era was a reactionary motion to the Classicism period earlier it, so is Realism a reaction to Romanticism. In contrast to the beautiful and deeply emotional content of Romantic paintings, Realist artists presented both the good and beautiful, the ugly and evil. The reality of the world is presented in an unembellished fashion by Realism painters.

These artists endeavour to prove the world, people, nature, and animals, as they truly are. At that place is a focus on the "obligation of fine art into truth" as Gustave Courbet puts information technology.

Just as with Romanticism, Realism was not popular with everyone. The paintings are not particularly pleasing to the middle and some critics have commented that despite the artist's claims of realism, erotic scenes somehow miss the real eroticism. Goethe criticizes Realism, saying that art should exist ideal, non realistic. Schiller besides calls Realism "mean," indicating the harshness that many of the paintings portray.

Proudhon and His Children(1865) by Gustave Courbet; Gustave Courbet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

Impressionism (1850-1895): Heralding the Era of Mod Fine art

Historians often paint the Impressionist move as the beginning of the modern age. Impressionist fine art is said to have closed the volume on classical music and other classical forms of fine art. Impressionism is also maybe, later Cubism, one of the most easily recognizable art periods. Featuring artists like Claude Monet and Vincent van Gough, Impressionism broke away from the smooth castor strokes and areas of solid color that characterized many art periods earlier information technology.

Initially, the word Impressionism was similar a swear give-and-take in the fine art earth, with critics assertive that these artists did non paint with technique, but rather simply smeared paint onto a canvas. The brushstrokes indeed were a significant difference from those that came before them, sometimes becoming furiously wild. Distinct shapes and lines disappeared into a whirlwind of colors. Individual dots of completely new colors were put together, particularly in the pointillism multifariousness of Impressionist paintings. The subjects of Impressionist paintings could often only be recognized from a altitude.

View of Vetheuil sur Seine(1880) past Claude Monet;Claude Monet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

A significant change that occurred during the Impressionist era was that painting began to take place "en-plein-air," or outside. Much of the Impressionist creative person'southward ability to capture the circuitous and ever-changing colors of the natural globe were a consequence of this shift.

Impressionist artists also began to move abroad from the desire to lecture and teach, preferring to create art for art'due south sake. Galleries and international exhibitions became increasingly important.

Symbolism (1890-1920): There is Ever More Than Meets the Center

During this menstruation, the era of Symbolism began to take hold in France. Artists became preoccupied with the representation of feelings and thoughts through objects. The favorite themes of the Symbolism motility were decease, sickness, sin, and passion. The forms were mostly clear, a fact which art historians believe was anticipating the Art Nouveau era.

Fine art Nouveau (1890-1910): The Pure Gold of Gustav Klimt

Although Gustav Klimt was past no ways the most of import artist in the Art Nouveau movement, he is one of the about well-known. His style perfectly encapsulates the Art Nouveau motility with soft, curved lines, lots of florals, and the stylistic characterization of human figures. In many countries, this style is known as the Secession style.

The Kiss (1907-1908) by Gustav Klimt;Gustav Klimt, Public domain, via Wikimedia Eatables

The art produced in the Art Nouveau menstruum includes a lot of symmetry and is characterized past playfulness and youthfulness. Fine art Nouveau has a lot of political content, although many critics ignore this and concur the decorative aspects against it. Through the art of the Art Nouveau period, artists attempted to bring nature dorsum into industrial cities.

Expressionism (1890-1914): Bringing a Political Edge to the Contend

In the Expressionism art era, we once over again run across a resurgence of the importance of the expression of subjective feelings. The artists within this move were not interested in naturalism or what things look like on the outside. Equally a result, there is a certain tinge of assailment in some Expressionist paintings, which are often archaic and slightly wild.

Expressionism originated in Frg and is intended to contrast Impressionism. Towards the beginning of the First Globe War, Expressionist paintings had a disturbing intensity about them. Intended to criticize power and the standing social club, Expressionism spread these political ideas through the medium of paint. Fine art was kickoff to get political.

Cubism (1906-1914): Breaking Things Apart and Putting Them Dorsum Together Once again

Kickoff with two artists, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, the Cubist movement was all about fragmentation, geometric shapes, and multiple perspectives. The dimensional planes of everyday objects were broken down into different geometric segments and put back together in a style that presented the object from multiple sides simultaneously.

Cubism was a rejection of all the rules of traditional western painting and has had a potent influence on the styles of art that have followed it.

Guitar and Spectacles (1912) by Juan Gris;Juan Gris, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Futurism (1909-1945): Artistic Riot

Futurism is less of an artistic fashion and more of an artistically inspired political movement. Founded past Tommaso Marinetti'sFuturist Manifesto, which rejected social organization and Christian morality, the Futurist era was full of anarchy, hostility, aggression, and anger. Although Marinetti was not a painter himself, painting became the most prominent form of art within the Futurist motility.

These artists vehemently rejected the rules of Classical painting, believing that everything that was passed through generations (beliefs, traditions, faith) was suspicious and unsafe. The militant nature of the Futurist movement has resulted in many people believing that information technology was also close to fascism.

Dadaism (1912-1920): The True Reality That Life is Nonsense

Dada ways a great many things and nothing at all. The writer Hugo Ball discovered that this small word has several different meanings in different languages and at the same time, as a word, it meant zip at all. The Dadaism movement is based on the concepts of illogic and provocation and was seen every bit not only an fine art movement, but an anti-state of war motility.

The illogic of existing rules, norms, traditions, and values was called into question by the Dadaist movement. The art movement encompassed several fine art forms including writing, poetry, dance, and functioning art. Function of the motility was to call into question what could be classified equally "art".

Dadaism represents the beginnings of activeness fine art in which painting becomes more than simply a portrait of reality, but rather an amalgamation of the social, cultural, and subjective parts of being human.

Surrealism (1920-1930): Things Just Get More Bizzare

As if the pure illogic nature of the Dadaism movement was not outlandish enough, the Surrealists took the dream world to be the fountain of all truth. One of the most famous Surrealist artists is Salvador Dali, and you are bound to know his painting Melting Watch (1954).

Surrealism is fundamentally psychoanalytical, and many Surrealist artists would pigment directly from their dreams. Sometimes dealing with uncomfortable concepts, hidden desires, and taboos, Surrealism was a direct critique of the ingrained ideas and beliefs of the bourgeoise. As you can imagine, this fashion of art was not popular when it began, merely it has greatly influenced the globe of modernistic art.

Space and time (in homage to L.V. Beethoven) (1974) past Italian painter William Girometti;William Girometti, CC BY-SA three.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The New Objectivity (1925-1965): Cold and Technical

As the surrealists were attempting to move away from the globe of concrete, concrete, and visible objects, the New Objectivity movement turned towards these ideas. Many of the themes within New Objective art were social critiques. The turbulence of the war left many people searching for some kind of order to concur onto, and this tin exist seen clearly in the art of New Objectivity.

The images represented in New Objectivity were ofttimes cold, unemotional, and technical, with some favorite subjects being the radio and lightbulbs. As is the example with many modern movements in fine art, there were several different wings to the New Objectivity move.

Abstract Expressionism (1948-1962): Stepping Away from Europe

Abstract Expressionism is said to be the first art move to originate outside of Europe. Emerging from North America, Abstruse Expressionism focused on color-field painting and action paintings. Rather than using a canvas and a brush, buckets of paint would exist poured on the footing, and artists used their fingers to create images.

With well-known artists similar Marc Tobey and Jackson Pollock, this fine art movement was distinct from whatsoever that came before information technology. The awarding of the paint was sometimes so thick that the finished piece would take on a form unlike any painting before it. Abstract Expressionism spread throughout Europe. As with all art, in that location are e'er critics, with conservative Americans during the cold war calling information technology "un-American."

Pop-Art (1955-1969): Art is Everything

For the artists of Pop-Art, everything in the earth was fine art. From advertisements, tin cans, toothpaste, and toilets,everythingis art. Popular-Art developed simultaneously in the United States and England and is characterized by uniform blocks of color and clear lines and contours. Painting and graphic art became influenced past photorealism and series prints. One of the virtually famous English Pop artists is David Hockney, although only a few of his lifetime paintings were in this movement.

A detail of Roy Lichtenstein's Wall Explosion II, 1965; Colin McLaughlin, CC By-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Neo-Expressionism (1980-1989): Modern Art

Starting in the 1980s, Neo-Expressionism emerged with large-format representational and life-affirming paintings. Berlin was a central bespeak for this new motility, and the designs typically featured cities and large-urban center life. The name Neo-Expressionism emerged from Fauvism, and although the artists in Berlin disbanded in 1989, some artists continued to paint in this style in New York.

Art is a fundamental function of what information technology means to be human. Many of the troubles and joys we experience can only be captured accurately through artistic expression. We hope that this brusk summary of the art periods timeline has helped you proceeds some more than insight into the contexts surrounding some of the about famous works of fine art created past the human race.

We've as well created a spider web story nearly fine art periods.

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Source: https://artincontext.org/art-periods/

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